The mass would be measured Essay Example for Free

The mass would be measured Essay Introduction: Magnesium is a metal which need get rid of two electrons; oxygen is a gas at room temperature and it needs two electrons and magnesium oxide is ionic compound because when they join up they are ions and both elements have an opposite charge which creates electrostatic attraction between them creating a very strong bond between the two ions, but they only become ions when oxygen takes electrons away from magnesium. 2Mg(s) + O2 (g) 2MgO(s). The conservation of mass is also involved in this experiment so the theory of conservation of mass is that if I use 48g of magnesium and 32g of oxygen I would get 80g of magnesium oxide, and with this reaction the ratio for mass is 24:16. What I would expect the formula to be is MgO because magnesium needs to lose 2 electrons and oxygen needs to gain 2 electrons so the ratio would be 1:1 so that in every 1million magnesium atoms there would be 1 million oxygen atoms. Preliminary Work: We would be using a total mass of 150cm, we initially have 200cm but encase of mistakes we would only be using 150cm. Since there would be two experiments I would need to divide the amount of magnesium I have in two so each experiment would be using 75g of magnesium. So this means that the lengths would need to go up in 5 (5cm, 10cm, 15cm, 20cm and 25cm). Since 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 all add up to 75 this would be the only logical method. Using a range this big also allows me to be able to make a comparison between the lengths because the results would end up being very different. Possible Formulas for magnesium oxide Formula Mass of Magnesium (g) Mass of Oxygen (g) Mass of Magnesium Oxide (g) Point to Plot MgO. ) This table shows the plotting point for the graph. All points would be going through point zero (naturally) because if you have no magnesium then it would be impossible to get any magnesium oxide because there is no magnesium atoms more oxygen atoms to join up to make magnesium oxide. This also shows the gradient of each formula so that I can match it to my graph for the main experiment and find out what formula of magnesium oxide I have created in my experiment. Formula Ratio/ Gradient MgO 1. 67 Mg2O 1. 33 MgO2 2. 33 Mg3O2 1. 44 Mg2O3 2 Mg3O 1. 22 The purpose of this graph is so that I could compare the gradient shown on this table to my graph. When I calculate my gradient I would tell what formula of magnesium oxide I have created by seeing which gradient is the closest to my gradient. Timing for reaction The aim here was to find out how long it took for magnesium to burn. Mass (g) Time (m) Crucible + lid + magnesium 50. 76 Crucible + lid 50. 45 Magnesium 0. 31 Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide 50. 93 29. Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide 50. 96 32 Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide 50. 96 35 Crucible + lid 50. 45 Magnesium Oxide 0. 51 What I learned from this is that has the mass increases so does the time it takes for the magnesium to burn. This is because more energy is required to burn more magnesium which means more time would be need to provide it. I can also tell that after repeating to see if there was a reaction there was no longer an increase in mass which meant that there were no longer any oxygen atoms joining up with any magnesium atoms. Main experiment: List of Apparatus I have used: Bunsen Burner   Crucible and Lid   Digital Balance 0. 01g Goggles Heat Proof Mat   Magnesium Ribbon (200cm)   Pipe-clay triangle   Tongs * Tripod Safety We used the crucible and lid because it wont crack which means there would be no injury to anyone. If I was to use glass the chanced of and injury would be high. Another advantage for safety with the crucible is that we wont be able to see the light produced from the creation which means there would be no risk of your eyes being damaged. We used a heat proof mat so that the table will not get burnt or anything else. We would also use goggles because at some point during the experiment we would be lifting the lid to see if the reaction has stopped so using the goggles causes a decrease in glare from the light and it was also used to prevent any particulates from entering my eyes. I also tucked in my tie in my shirt because there was fire from the Bunsen burner and I did not want to get anything easily loose on me to catch fire so tucking my tie in would lower the chances of injury to me. We also checked the heat of the crucible and lid to if it was cool enough to hold by using the harmless method; we hovered our hands over the crucible and lid to see if any heat was radiating to our hands and we could not feel any feat we would light touch the crucible for half a second to get a better sense of the heat and if it feels cool we would then take it back. Method What Im going to measure is the mass of the magnesium ribbons at different lengths, and Im also going to measure the amount of magnesium oxide it makes. The mass would be measured by a digital balance (0.01g), which was very accurate way of measuring the mass because it can detect up to two decimal places. To make sure its a fair test we took two tests for each length so that we could get an accurate average. We also used a pipe-clay triangle so that the crucible would not experience heat loss (if we were using a gauze) which would affect how much magnesium oxide is produced. We also used the ruler to make sure that the lengths that we used were as accurate as it can be so that the results are fair. How we set up the equipment was that we could have the meat proof mat so that there are no burns around the area or the possibility of fire. The crucible and lid would be placed above the pipe-clay triangle so that the heat would reach the crucible in the right place. The tripod would be used to keep the crucible and lid above the Bunsen burner at the right distance. We would also lift the lid from time to time to see if the reaction has stopped. We can tell if the reaction has stopped because there would be no bright light. Then we would reheat it to see if the reaction has fully stopped. We can tell if the reaction has fully stopped because there would be no increase in mass. Next time I would do two experiments at the same time so that I could get my results quicker. DIAGRAM: Length Crucible + lid (g) Crucible + lid + Magnesium (g) Magnesium (g) Average Magnesium (g) Crucible + lid + Magnesium Oxide (g) Magnesium Oxide (g) Average Magnesium Oxide (g) 5cm 4This table shows two results from each length showing the mass of magnesium and the mass of magnesium oxide produced. The two sets of results from each length were then turned to an average so that we can get an accurate figure. I then plotted a graph of these results so that I can see a clear trend. The reason why I took many readings from different lengths is because so that I could get different readings for mass so that I can plot them on the graph at different points so that it can give me a line of best fit.

Perils of Texting Essay Example for Free

Perils of Texting Essay Cell phones have become a staple of modern society. Nearly everyone has them, and people carry and use them at all hours of the day. For the most part, this is a good thing: the benefits of staying connected at any time and at any location are considerable. But if you’re like most Americans, you may regularly talk on the phone or even text while at the wheel of a car. This dangerous behavior has resulted in increasing numbers of accidents and fatalities caused by cell phone usage. The trend shows no sign of slowing down. In 2003, a federal study of 10,000 drivers by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) set out to determine the effects of using cell phones behind the wheel. The results were conclusive: talking on the phone is equivalent to a 10- point reduction in IQ and a .08 blood alcohol level, which law enforcement considers intoxicated. Handsfree sets were ineffective in eliminating risk, the study found, because the conversation itself is what distracts drivers, not holding the phone. Cell phone use caused 955 fatalities and 240,000 accidents in 2002. Related studies indicated that drivers that talked on the phone while driving increased their crash risk fourfold, and drivers that texted while driving increased their crash risk by a whopping 23 times. Since that study, mobile device usage has grown by an order of magnitude, worsening this already dangerous situation. The number of wireless subscribers in America has increased by around 1,000 percent since 1995 to nearly 300 million overall in 2010, and Americans’ usage of wireless minutes increased by approximately 6,000 percent. This increase in cell phone usage has been accompanied by an upsurge in phone-related fatalities and accidents: In 2010, it’s estimated that texting caused 5,870 fatalities and 515,000 accidents, up considerably from prior years. These figures are roughly half of equivalent statistics for drunk driving. Studies show that drivers know that using the phone while driving is one of the most dangerous things you can do on the road, but refuse to admit that it’s dangerous when they themselves do it. Of users that text while driving, the more youthful demographic groups, such as the 18–29 age group, are by far the most frequent texters. About three quarters of Americans in this age group regularly text, compared to just 22 percent of the 35–44 age group. Correspondingly, the majority of accidents involving mobile device use behind the wheel involve young adults. Among this age group, texting behind  the wheel is just one of a litany of problems raised by frequent texting: anxiety, distraction, failing grades, repetitive stress injuries, and sleep deprivation are just some of the other problems brought about by excessive use of mobile devices. Teenagers are particularly prone to using cell phones to text because they want to know what’s happening to their friends and are anxious about being socially isolated. Analysts predict that over 800 billion text messages will be sent in 2010. Texting is clearly here to stay, and in fact has supplanted phone calls as the most commonly used method of mobile communication. People are unwilling to give up their mobile devices because of the pressures of staying con nected. Neurologists have found that the neural response to multitasking by texting while driving suggests that people develop addictions to the digital devices they use most, getting quick bursts of adrenaline, without which driving becomes boring. There are interests opposed to legislation prohibiting cell phone use in cars. A number of legislators believe that it’s not state or federal government’s role to prohibit poor decision making. Auto makers, and some safety researchers, are arguing that with the proper technology and under appropriate conditions, communicating from a moving vehicle is a manageable risk. Louis Tijerina, a veteran of the NHTSA and Ford Motor Co. researcher, notes that even as mobile phone subscriptions have surged to over 250 million during the past decade, the death rate from accidents on the highways has fallen. Nevertheless, lawmakers are increasingly recognizing the need for more powerful legislation barring drivers from texting behind the wheel. Many states have made inroads with laws prohibiting texting while operating vehicles. In Utah, drivers crashing while texting can receive 15 years in prison, by far the toughest sentence for texting while driving in the nation when the legislation was enacted. Utah’s law assumes that drivers understand the risks of texting while driving, whereas in other states, prosecutors must prove that the driver knew about the risks of texting while driving before doing so. Utah’s tough law was the result of a horrifying accident in which a speeding college student, texting at the wheel, rear-ended a car in front. The c ar lost control, entered the opposite side of the road, and was hit head-on by a pickup truck hauling a trailer, killing the driver instantly. In September 2008, a train engineer in California was texting within a minute prior to the most fatal train  accident in almost two decades. Californian authorities responded by banning the use of cell phones by train workers while on duty. In total, 31 states have banned texting while driving in some form, and most of those states have a full ban for phone users of all ages. The remaining states are likely to follow suit in coming years as well. President Obama also banned texting while driving for all federal government employees in October 2009. Still, there’s more work to be done to combat this dangerous and life-threatening practice. Sources: Paulo Salazar, â€Å"Banning Texting While Driving,† WCBI.com, August 7, 2010; Jerry Hirsch, â€Å"Teen Drivers Dangerously Divide Their Attention,† Los Angeles Times, August 3, 2010; www.drivinglaws. org, accessed July 2010; www.drivinglaws.org, accessed July 7, 2010; Matt Richtel, â€Å"Driver Texting Now an Issue in the Back Seat,† The New York Times, September 9, 2009; Matt Richtel, â€Å"Utah Gets Tough With Texting Drivers,† The New York Times, August 29, 2009; Matt Richtel, â€Å"In Study, Texting Lifts Crash Risk by Large Margin,† The New York Times, July 28, 2009; Matt Richtel, â€Å"D rivers and Legislators Dismiss Cellphone Risks,† The New York Times, July 19, 2009; Tom Regan, â€Å"Some Sobering Stats on Texting While Driving,† The Christian Science Monitor, May 28, 2009; Katie Hafner, â€Å"Texting May be Taking a Toll on Teenagers,† The New York Times, May 26, 2009; and Tara Parker-Pope, â€Å"Texting Until Their Thumbs Hurt,† The New York Times, May 26, 2009. Questions to be answered: 1. Which of the five moral dimensions of information systems identified is involved in this case? 2. What are the ethical, social, and political issues raised by this case? 3. Which of the ethical principles described are useful for decision making about texting while driving?

Difference Between Entrepreneur and Small Business Owner

Difference Between Entrepreneur and Small Business Owner Entrepreneurship is one of the most popular words in the English language today. People are buzzing about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial companies. In addition, todays media information makes us believe that anyone qualifies as an entrepreneur in some fashion way- from lawyers and doctors to artists and teachers. However, the term is so often used that many people are not quite sure what it stands for? Furthermore, despite intensive analysis, we still know relatively little about the entrepreneur (Begley and Boyd 1987a; Cunningham 1991), particularly how an entrepreneur differs from a small business owner (Gartner 1985). Research has indicated that small business owners and entrepreneurs have different goals (Litzinger 1965) and decision-making styles (Busenitz 1992). An entrepreneur has a kind of behaviour intent on opportunities rather than on capital and the small business owner can be a vehicle mutually for Schumpeterian (1934) kind of initiating new products and processes that modify the industry and the owner run the business for a living. Thus, the report will address how the small business owners and entrepreneurs differ and will also include a critical review of the academic theory concerning motivation, aspiration, business management practices and styles. Definition of Entrepreneurs According to Birley (1996), an entrepreneur is an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of profit and growth. The entrepreneur is characterised principally by innovative and creative behaviour and will employ strategic management practices in the business. Thus, the modern thinkers emphasise that an entrepreneur is an individual who creates and recognise opportunities for something new, handles the uncertainty and risk of that new venture ( which is not restricted to stand alone business ventures), and has the managerial competence to gather required resources from the environment (like capital) without necessarily owning these resources, which includes an ability to plan, to lead a team and to network outside the venture (Timmons Spinelli, 2004). Definition of Small Business Owners A small business owner is an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of furthering personal goals. The business must be the primary source of income and will consume the majority of the owners time and interest. The owner perceives the business as an extension of his or her personality, intricately bound with family needs and desires (Birley 1996). Entrepreneurs versus Small Business Owners Geber (1995) is very clear that there is a substantial difference between the entrepreneurs and small business owners, a view has been endorsed by many writers including Birley (1996) and Jenning and Breaver (1997). Entrepreneurs are motivated by their goals of profit and growth for their ventures and by their use of strategic planning, for example, Bill Gates, the best known entrepreneur in personal computer revolution. Alternatively, small business owners focus on providing family income and view the venture as an extension of their personalities, for example, the Chinese takeaways. Characteristics of Entrepreneurs: a Distinction from Small Business Owners Characteristics of entrepreneurs and small business owners are different for different ages, different industries and different stages of the business life cycle. Indeed, the personality characteristics are both born and made, for there is also a good deal of evidence that certain attitudes and behaviours can be acquired, developed, practiced and refined through a combination of experience and study. (Timmons and Spinelli 2004, p.249) In addition, different authors have mentioned different characteristics of entrepreneurs from their research. They distinguished the characteristics between normative and empirical (Kuhn, 1960). In a nutshell, according to Timmons and Spinelli (2004), there are five major attitudes and behaviours that characterise some entrepreneurs: Commitment and determination Need for achievement (McClelland, 1961), with its related attitudes towards risk Internal locus of control Opportunity orientation Creativity and innovation Besides, both small business owners and entrepreneurs are of critical importance to the economy. However, it is useful to draw a distinction between them since small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures serve different economic functions. Thus, it will also be more valuable to differentiate what they manage. Moreover, this will help us to have a better understanding of the management styles and business practices of the entrepreneurs and small business owners. The Distinction between Small Business Venture and Entrepreneurial Venture An entrepreneurial venture, according to Birley (1996) is one that engages in at least one of Schumpeters four categories of behaviour: that is, the principal goals of an entrepreneurial venture are profitability and growth and the business is characterised by innovative strategic practices. Alternatively, small business venture is any business that is independently owned and operated, not dominant in its field and does not engage in any new marketing or innovative practices Birley (1996). Wickham (2004) stated that there are three main characteristics which distinguish the entrepreneurial ventures from small businesses: Innovation and Creativity The successful entrepreneurial venture is usually based on a significant innovation and creativity. This might be technological, an innovation and creativity in offering a new service; or a new way something is marketed or distributed; or possibly an innovation or creativity in a way the organisation is structured or managed. An entrepreneur is recognised for their innovative and creative ability, for example, James Dyson, who came up with the creative idea of the ball-wheel- barrow business and continue his innovation by moving on to the cyclone vacuum cleaner business. On the other hand, the small business is usually involved in delivering an established product or service. So, while a small business may be new to a locality, it is not doing anything new in a global sense for example, cost-cutters shop, whereas an entrepreneurial venture is usually based on a significantly new way of doing something. Potential for Growth An entrepreneurial venture has more potential for growth than a small business does. This results from the fact that it is usually based on a significant creativity. The market potential for than innovation, will more than enough to support a small firm. It may even be more than enough to support a large firm and signal the start of an entire new industry. For example, Adam Osborne (1939 -2003) was the best known entrepreneur as creator of the first portable computer, but he was also an author who made a successful move into publishing computer books. On the other hand, the small businesses which operate within an established industry are unique only in terms of its locality. Therefore, it is limited in its growth potential by competitors in adjacent localities. A small business operates within a given market; the entrepreneurial venture is in a position to create its own market. Strategic Objectives Most businesses have at least some objectives. Even the smallest firm should have sales targets if not more detailed financial objectives. Objectives may be set for the benefits of external investors as well as for consumption by internal management. The entrepreneurial venture will usually go beyond the small business in the objectives it sets itself in, that it will have strategic objectives. Strategic objectives relate to such things as: Growth targets Market development Market share Market potential Growth Potential Strategic objectives However, not all entrepreneurial ventures will necessary show an obvious innovation, clear growth potential or formally articulated strategic objectives, and some small businesses may demonstrate one or two of these characteristics. Nevertheless, in combination they add up to distinguish the key character of an entrepreneurial venture, that is, a business that makes significant changes to the world. Therefore, entrepreneurs and small business owners pursue and create new opportunities differently; they fulfil the ambitions of their founders and managers in different ways. Supporting them presents different challenges to economic policy makers. For instance, the self-employed owner of a neighbourhood pub has very little in common with the founders of a Bennigans or T.G.I. Fridays. Furthermore, studies of the psychological characteristics of the small business owners and the entrepreneurs suggest differences that affect both the management styles and cultures of the firms. Sexton and Bowman- Upton (1991) found that the entrepreneur, the founder of Bennigans, has unique set of psychological traits which they collectively labelled as propensity towards growth. Factors in this propensity included a high energy level, a preference for high risk/high return activities, a desire for control, a separation of personal and professional activities and little need for support from others. On the other hand, the small business owner, the self-employed owner of the pub, were found to have priorities that tend to suggest that other factors (for example, family and social) are more important that the business. The Differences between the Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners Small Business Owner Low propensity towards growth Preference for low-risk taking and low return activities Non business concerns more important Less control-driver Prefers repetition of tried and true ways Detail-oriented Sceptical of inspiration Works at steady pace Rarely makes errors of fact : Works problems all the way through Patient with routine delays People-oriented, Aware of peoples feeling Trustful of others Entrepreneur High propensity towards growth (looking for new opportunities) Preference for high-risk taking and high return on activities The business itself takes priority Strong need for control (an internal locus of control) Likes to experiment with novel approaches (innovation) Does not take time for precision Driven by aspiration (needs for achievement) Works with bursts of energy Often makes errors of fact; jump to conclusions Impatient with routine details Task-oriented, oblivious to peoples feeling Distrustful of others Source: M. Joseph Sirgy, A. Coskun Samli (1995) Carland (1990) indicated that entrepreneurs have a stronger preference for creativity than owners of small businesses. Entrepreneurs tended to spend more time finding new and different ways of doing things. For example, Richard Branson, who is a portfolio entrepreneur, has diversified his virgin group into different areas. While small business owners concentrated on making established procedures more efficient, for example, small local pub; or corner shops all selling the same types of products and service. Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (1983) have identified other differences, including a tendency for entrepreneurs to work with bursts of energy rather than steadily, to jump into conclusions, to be patient with complicated situations and impatient with routine delays and to follow their inspirations. For example, despite Oswald Boetang, the Ghanaian designer and tailor, endured two bankruptcies, divorce and the break-up of his business partner, he has that inspiration and determination to be successful (a need for achievement), that motivates him not to take time for precision; learn by his mistake and to continue innovating new fashionable ideas. However, Joseph Sirgy (1995), stating that entrepreneurs are task-oriented is quite misleading. Top entrepreneurs like Bill Gates; Warren Buffet and Richard Branson have proved in their ventures to be people-oriented, looking for the best interest in people. Furthermore, entrepreneurs have an internal locus of control. They actively look for opportunities to place themselves in situations where they do not have to rely on other people or luck- they think life is under control and they can affect what happens around them. For example, Duncan Bannatyne from the Dragons Den TV Show started his entrepreneurial life by trading in cars. Being brought up from a poor family background, Duncan did not believe in luck, on the contrary, he believed in his determination and commitment to be successful. He had a control over his life and he also take up risks. Motivation and Aspirations: Distinction between Small business owners and Entrepreneurs Motivation, the condition that makes individuals undertake, or at least desire to undertake, certain courses of action, is a subject that has received lot of attention from psychologists over the past hundred years. Different approaches will be used to understand motivation and adding up to a general picture of what motivates an entrepreneur. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Entrepreneurs and small business owners have different set of needs, which hence, motivate them differently. The idea of a series of needs that can be resolved into separate components was the basis for Maslows (1943) well-known hierarchy of needs in which physiological, security, social and self-actualisation needs were satisfied in that order of priority. Miner (1997) has used Maslow hierarchy of needs to provide a distinction between the set of needs that motivate an entrepreneur and small business owners. Entrepreneurs are at the highest level of needs, which, is self-actualisation. These needs can be supported by their characteristics and personality traits. Entrepreneurs are driven by their aspiration. They are motivated by the goals of profit and growth. They are committed and determined individuals who want to be successful; creative and innovative by creating new opportunities. Entrepreneurs have an internal locus of control which enables them to transcend all the needs. For example, lord Alan Sugar, is at a self-actualisation stage, he has satisfied all the other needs. He was brought up in a council flat in Hackney and despite leaving school at 16, his driven aspiration of being a successful British entrepreneur, made him climb the hierarchy reaching at the transcendence needs where he is satisfying his desire for self-fulfilment and personal growth. Moreover, Miner (1997) conducted a survey about list of motivation factors for small business owners and concluded that it is reasonable to say that small business owners are at the esteem needs: The survey shows that small business owners are motivated by their performance, status and condition. Hence, this leads to the satisfaction of their competence, individual achievement, reputation, responsibility and independence. For example, small corner shops or Indian restaurants are satisfying their esteem needs. They may be reputed in the locality due to their great achievement in having a good customer service and also by handling their responsibilities effectively. However, Maslow hierarchy of needs has received several criticisms. Alderfer (1964) stated that people sometimes try to satisfy more than one need at a time. For instance, Entrepreneurs may be satisfying the esteem needs and self-actualisation needs at the same time, which according to Alderfer is the growth needs. In addition, frustration of a higher order need can lead to efforts to satisfy a lower-level need (frustration regression hypothesis). For example, some entrepreneurs may be at the self-actualisation stage, but due to a failure in one of their venture, can lead to the efforts of satisfying the esteem needs, such as finding ways to make their venture reputable. McClelland (1961): Achievement Motivation In McClellands view behaviour is directed towards an aspirational picture of delivering personal excellence. What constitutes this excellence may be derived from internally referenced considerations or it may be picked up from external signals. McClelland was particular interested in achievement as a motivator for young entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are driven by strong need to excel against self-imposed standards- to achieve challenging goals. They have an internal locus of control that makes them have a low need for status and power, and a low need for affiliation with other people. Thus, according to McClelland, entrepreneurs are quite independent types. For example, the music entrepreneur, Simon Cowell, despite having a huge failure in his music recording industry in the 80s, his need for achievement and his internal locus of control motivate him to be successful by showing his creativity of the X factor and American Idol. Research has also proved that small business owner has a low need for achievement, and on the contrary, has a high need for power and status (to combat their competitors). However, the need for achievement may not be the most important variable for predicting the likelihood of starting a business. Borland research shows that achievement motivation was neither a significant factor among students who intended to become entrepreneurs and those who did not (Borland 1974), nor between those who indicated entrepreneurial interest through the choice of majors (Sexton and Bowman 1983). Yet, the question of whether students majors or stated intentions are appropriate surrogates for business ownership arises. Entrepreneurial Motivation It is important to understand the link between entrepreneur and motivation. Burns (2008) stated motivation plays an important part in the creation of new organisations, thus, theories of organisation creation that fail to address this notion are incomplete. Kumar (2008), stipulates that particular goals, attitudes, and backgrounds where all important determinants of an entrepreneurs eventual satisfaction. In that manner, Douglas et al. (1994) examines the motivational process an entrepreneur experiences. The decision to behave entrepreneurial is the result of the interaction of several factors. One set of factors include the individual personal characteristics, the individual personal environment, the relevant business environment, the individuals personal goal set and the existence of a viable business idea Douglas et.al (2004). In addition, the entrepreneur compares his/her perceptions of the probable outcome with the personal expectations. However, it can be argued that entrepreneur psychological characteristics, such as drives for achievement and inspirations, are also important it as help them to be motivated by acknowledging what created a lower outcome than expected, and, thus learn by their mistake. Locke and Baum (2007), has provided a summary of key motivation variables based on previous findings and show general traits measures being mediated by specific measures affect the performance of entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, Kets de Vries (1985) referred to the dark side of the entrepreneurs in discussing how the entrepreneurial personality and ego can be taken to extremes and cause failures, for example, they have a strong need of control and sometimes, may be seen as a bully. Their distrust of others, their desire for applause, and their defensiveness can also be a limitation for them to be successful and affect their potential as an entrepreneurial venture to grow. According to Landau (1982), there are four different types of entrepreneurs as regard to the risk bearing and innovativeness. Thus, stating that all entrepreneurs are motivated by high risk taking and innovativeness is misleading. Low High Risk-bearing Low High Innovativeness For example, the gambler is the entrepreneur characterised by low degree of innovation and high risk. Thus, they are motivated by high risk propensity. Therefore, different types of entrepreneurs are motivated differently. Hence, more research should be conducted on motivation vis-Ã  -vis different types of entrepreneurs. Business Management Practices and Styles The entrepreneurial venture represents a particular management challenge. The nature of the entrepreneurial venture characterises and defines the management that is needed to drive it forward successfully. Moreover, the report has already provided a distinction of entrepreneurial ventures from small businesses (innovation; potential for growth and strategic objectives) which reflects to their business practices. The figure above shows how practices in small businesses differ from entrepreneurial ventures. Wallach (1983) identified that innovative culture (challenging, creative, and enterprising) more closely fits the entrepreneurial venture, while small businesses demonstrate a supportive culture (family-like and humanistic). Carland (1990) has also found in her research that entrepreneurial ventures concentrate on strategic management whereas small businesses on tactical management. Entrepreneurial Management Entrepreneurial management is characterised by its whole organisation scope, its objective of creating change and a focus on exploiting opportunity Wickham (2004). These characteristics are shown in the figure below as a comparison of conventional management and entrepreneurial management. Conventional Management Entrepreneurial Management Scope Whole organisation Part of organisation Objectives Create change Maintain status quo Focus Pursue opportunity Conserve resources A focus on Change Entrepreneurs are managers of change. They bring people, money, resources and ideas together to build new organisations and to change existing ones. For example, Richard Branson started off his business as selling audio tapes recorder, and now he has made entire new worlds by taking risk and diversifying his products namely, virgin media; virgin active, virgin airline etc. He keeps bringing in new changes to the world. Entrepreneurs are different from conventional managers or owners whose main interest is in maintaining the status quo by sustaining the established organisation, protecting it and maintaining its market positions. A focus on Opportunity Entrepreneurs are attuned to opportunity and bring in creativity. They constantly seek the possibility of doing something differently and better. They innovate in order to create value. Entrepreneurs are more interested in pursuing opportunity than they are in conserving resources. Entrepreneurs see resources as a means to an end, not as an end in themselves. Entrepreneurs expose resources to risk but also make them work by stretching them to their limit in order to offer a good return. In contrast, small business owners in established businesses are more often responsible for protecting scarce resources than for using them to pursue the opportunities that are presented for their organisations. Organisation Wide Management The entrepreneur manages with an eye to the entire organisation. They benchmark themselves against organisational objectives. They label themselves as having a visionary management style rather than focusing on objectives in particular department. Thus, entrepreneurs develop a holistic approach as regard to their management style and business practices. The effective entrepreneur does all these things when appropriate. There are times when the status quo is worth sustaining, and at times when it becomes unwise to expose resources. Part of the skill of the effective entrepreneur should know when not to venture. In addition, entrepreneurs should use appropriate leadership, power and motivation as managerial tools to have a better control, focus and direction for the venture. These are tools entrepreneur should adopt in order to turn their vision into reality. Furthermore, some entrepreneurs tend to adopt an autocratic business management style with a tall structure. For example, Lord Alan Sugar is recognised for this autocratic style following the steps of Taylorism. Critics have described Sugar as out-of-touch and his work ethic as a model of bad management in the UK. Negative, bullying and narrow-minded (Sugar) rules by fear. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-461607/Why-earth-want-work-Sir-Alan-Sugar.html. Therefore, entrepreneurs should climb the growth wall. Creativity and innovativeness alone would not make an entrepreneur successful. They should also empower and motivate their subordinates by giving them control to make decisions. If they do not do so, they will be too stress and tired, which can cause their venture to fail. Thus, an entrepreneurial organisation should always learn through its success and failures. This will enable the entrepreneur to develop his vision into reality to achieve success (Wickham 2004). Conclusion Overall, the report has provided us with a better understanding of the differences between entrepreneurs and other owners of small businesses. The report has discussed the different characteristics of entrepreneurs and how it differs with those of small business owner. For example, psychological characteristics such as need for achievement, internal locus of control, need for autonomy, creativity and risk-taking are predominant in entrepreneurs. On the other hand, small business owners main priority is their family goals and their income. Entrepreneurs are motivated to create an entire new world Joerges Wolff (1991). The report also explain Douglas entrepreneurial motivation model which surpass the psychological characteristics. He stated that the initial determination to behave entrepreneurially is the outcome of the dealing of a range of factors such as individual personal characteristics, personal goal set, personal environment, the existence of a viable business idea, and relevant business environment. On the other hand, small business owners are motivated by high need of power; status and independence (Miner 1997). Kets de Vries (1985) has also discussed about the dark side of entrepreneurs, thus, in order to turn their vision into reality, entrepreneurs should learn from their mistakes and successes and also learn to climb the growth wall. There are also different types of entrepreneurs, thus, each type of entrepreneurs are motivated and manage their ventures differently. Thus, motivation factors, business management style and practices would be different, for example, Alan Sugar management style and business practices are different from that of Richard Branson. Besides, an entrepreneurial performance are influenced not only by personal motivation and aspirations but the ability to motivate employees and having good human relationship skills; general management skills, effective leadership skills; proper use of power and industry knowledge.

Becoming a Pharmacist Essay -- Health Care

Becoming a Pharmacist Besides finding the right partner, many people seek the right career. It is a very important part of our life. In today’s modern world, there is a broad spectrum of opportunities to choose from. The right choice can give us not just a source of a paycheck, but also an opportunity for advancement and academic satisfaction. There are many aspects to consider when deciding about a future career like; benefits, working environment, and opportunities for advancement. Perhaps the most important quality is a feeling of the highest personal accomplishment. The medical field offers many different opportunities, and one of them is a career in pharmacy. The pharmacy field has been evolving for millennia, and it shaped into modern science. The career in the pharmacy requires several years of a extensive study and dedication, but all the hard work is greatly rewarded at the end. The Pharmacy field has a long history. First pharmaceutical rituals were recorded in Egypt 3600 B.C. In Ancient Greece, it was Hippocrates who dismissed the rituals, and started treating diseases with his pharmaceutical preparations. In Rome, Galen was the first the put the drugs in categories based on their action (Wood, p. 220). Arabian pharmacists separated pharmacies from the medicine field between 700 – 1000 A.D. First pharmacy rules were created by the German Emperor Frederick II between 1224-1240. In sixteenth century Swiss physician Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim suggests treating diseases on chemical principle. From this point on, pharmacy was recognized as medicinal chemistry. The revolution of discoveries started in the nineteenth century. The fist drug mill and the fist pill machine were developed. German pharmacist Serturne... ...ers. New York. Paw Prints, 2008. Print. Ganachari, M.S. Shah, P.S.Zalavadia, N.M. Pharmacist: A crucial part of clinical Research. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2010. Vol.3(3), p.444, Peer Reviewed Journal. Miller, H. â€Å"The FDA Actively Regulates Drug Safety.† The Pharmaceutical Industry. Ed. Carroll, J. Farmington Hills. Greenhaven Press. 2009. p. 75-76. Print. Turning Points in World History Great Medical Discoveries. Ed. Shane, C.J. Farmington Hills. Greenhaven Press. 2004. p. 118-133. UAMS College of Pharmacy. PCAT Prep Program. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. n. d. Web. April 4, 2012. University of Florida. Distance-Learning Models. n.d. Web. April 4, 2012 Wood C. A History of Healing Therapies: Western, Eastern, and Alternative Approaches. CHOICE: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries, Oct, 2010, Vol.48(2), p.219-224(11) Essay. April 2, 2012

Ayn Rand’s The Fountainhead Essay -- essays research papers

Ayn Rand’s The Fountainhead presented an egoist character, Howard Roark, and portrayed him to what society needs, but unwilling to admit the necessitate. Roark’s meaning of life differed from the others he associated with, which left him isolated toward them, but benefited his remarkable success in architecture. Passion, devotion, and hard work stranded Howard throughout his career even with the discouraging incidents brought to him by the devious characters, Peter Keating and Ellsworth Toohey. Several characters appealed to Roark’s lifestyle and work ethic, Gail Wynand, Dominique Francon, and Austin Heller. When Howard acquainted with his true friends, his philosophical meaning of life erupted out of him easily, contrast to everyone else associated with him, providing them with an encouraging sense of belonging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howard Roark opened up to the man told to be his arch enemy, Gail Wynand. Wynand became fascinated with Roark’s ability of surviving the brutal world of architecture in a strong but confident manner. When Wynand and Roark visited the country house, Roark displayed the branch he tore off a tree and compared it to the material that the earth provides everyone and their duty states to make something of it; the work of the individual who makes something of it proves how powerful the material (the branch in Roark’s words) would appear. Howard’s words, â€Å"Now I can make what I want of it: a bow, a spear, a cane, a railing,† signify that an ind...

Comparing The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce ET Decorum EST Essa

Comparing The Charge of the Light Brigade and Dulce ET Decorum EST  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poems â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† and â€Å"Dulce ET Decorum EST† are war poems. They reflect on two different but equally harrowing events, however the poets portray these events using their own style and the and result is two entirely different views of war. Alfred Tennyson wrote the â€Å"Charge of the Light Brigade† in 1854 and it is about the battle of Balaclava in the Crimean war. Although this battle had no real influence on the outcome of the war it showed the bravery of six hundred British soldiers who charged into almost certain death. The poem itself is a patriotic ballad keeping up with the tradition of the time. The poem is heroic and romantic. â€Å"Dulce ET Decorum EST† was written by Wilfred Owen. It is based on World War 1 in which   Owen himself fought. He tells of the terror of trench warfare and the frantic activity when a gas shell lands. In some ways the two poems are similar for example both poets are obviously writing about war. They use rhyme to get across their point this also makes the poems easier to remember and say. They also use alliteration in â€Å"The Charge of the light brigade† Tennyson tells Cannon to the right of them. Cannon to the left of them. Cannon in front of them Also in Dulce ET decorum EST Owen uses alliteration â€Å"Knock-knead, coughing like hags† and â€Å"Gas! Gas! Quick boys† The poets each use punctuation to emphasise points they deem to be important. Tennyson varies his use of exclamation marks whereas Owen uses more full stops and commas so that when your reading you have slow down and take in what is being said. For example in â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade†Ã‚   â€Å"When can their gl... ...rge, this evidently does not concern him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally Owen juxtaposes the idea of war as devastating and the idea of war as heroic when he says â€Å"My friend, you would not tell with such high zest, to children ardent for some desperate glory,† to illustrate the poems ultimate irony –â€Å"Dulce ET Decorum est pro patria mori.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion I would suggest that although these poems show completely different views we must also remember that they were written in two completely different eras. Tennyson’s view of war was of glory and honour reflecting the views of the population at the time. The great historical tradition of Britain as a military power ruling her empire. Owen writes about World War 1, which was the most devastating war the world had seen at that time, it lasted much longer than any war before it and generally was much more horrific.

Group Psychology Essay

Irwin Mansdorf in his article The Psychology Framework of Suicide Terrorism brings out another aspect of group psychology in an attempt to explain what has motivated various groups and their members to be involved in suicide bombing e disagrees with those portraying The Palestinians suicide bombers as desperate rot who are driven by their suicidal motives. He feels that individual psychopathology does not play any important role in this case. (Mansdart, I 2003) Group dynamics are responsible in reinforcing behavior within these people’s culture where those who carry out suicide bombing are seen as heroes where their faces are displayed in the open for every one to see and their immediate families are handsomely rewarded for their sons bravely and commitment to serve the community. The families are rewarded with great respect and financial considerations. (Bloom, M 2004) Suicide in the clinical sense may be directly related to personal psychological state at the time of committing the acts. In the case of suicide of suicide bombing, Irwin has observed that there is no close relationship with personal clinical psychopathology. He believes hat these people are drawn by the political and nationalistic aspects advocated by their groups. (Mansdart, I 2003) Kamikaze pilots used this tactic to attack American in the pacific during the Second World War. Several researches carried out have not pointed that the pilots were suicidal rather they are seen as people who were driven by a strong desire to fight for their country. They never at any time display any signs of abnormal behavior which could have led to suicide. The letters Kamikaze pilots wrote to their families show that they were calm and in a peaceful state before they carried out the misson. Their expectations beyond death served as the motivational factor for them to fight the enemy knowing that they have served the nation and they will be heavily be rewarded in the life after. (Mansdart, I 2003) A closer look at the Tamil tigers brings out the same picture; the group has been responsible for the most suicide bombing carried out by any organization in the world. Those who carry out these activities are fighters who have are well trained and fully dedicated to their cause. In all the cases the group chooses volunteers based on their record as fighters. Those who are involved in the suicide bombing are not described as victims of any psychological condition which can drive them to volunteer to participate in this activity but rather they are drawn by great dedication to serve their group and to a large extent liberate their people from the yokes of occupation. (Bloom, M 2004) In most cases of suicide bombing according to Irwin observation the purpose of mission is rarely due to desperation or hopelessness. The suicide bombers were focused drawing inspiration from nationalism and large the group identity. Irwin explains that group pressure and identity inspires a suicide bomber into action. They are manipulated ,brainwashed and made to believe that after carrying out the mission they will be honored as martyrs, their families will be recognizes and reward greatly. The recruits are never allowed to leave denying the m an opportunity to back down from the mission. (Mansdart, I 2003) Recruitment The number of organizations carrying out attacks has increased in the recent past. These organizations are found in almost all the corners of the world. This increase also means the number of recruits needed to carry out the suicide attacks is on the rise. According to the latest statistics more than forty countries in the world have experienced suicide bombing attacks since 1980s. It is estimated that there are sixty known groups which employ suicide bombing as a fighting technique. (Reuter, C 2004) Despite an increase in the number of organization employing this tactic, there have been no shortages of people of people who are willing to put their lives on the line for the sake of the organization or cause they believe in. There has been an upward surge in the number of suicide bombings in the recent past, this means that the number of people who are willing to die for what they believe in has also increased. (Kramer, M 1991) Recruits in suicide bombing are drawn from a variety of backgrounds. There has been a perception that people who are involved are usually psychopaths, insane or poor but this is not the case. Most of those who have been recruited are usually well educated, relatively rich. These are people who ready to sacrifice their lives for a cause and are more than willing to go to any length to kill themselves. In the recent past trends have been changing where even children have been involved in suicide bombings. As the Middle East conflict escalate militants groups in Palestine are actively involved in recruitment of young people. One of the groups Al aqsa-intifada has been actively involved in the recruitment of children as suicide bombers. Other groups which have been employing the same mode are the Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Hamas and Islamic Jihad. Hamas are known to run kindergartens, where children are taught all the tactics and the need to sacrifice their souls for the sake of their people. These children in the kindergarten are made to believe that they are the holy martyrs in making. (Shay, S 2003) There are several factors that qualify one as a recruit for suicide bombing recruit. A number of organizations in the Middle East take into consideration ones religion. It has been noted that almost all the recruits who have participated in the Palestinians suicide bombings are staunch Muslims. Once a new recruit is taken in especially children they are taken in for an intensive training which involves reciting of the Koran. Therefore knowledge of Koran becomes very crucial in taking in the recruits. Criminal record also plays a significant role in the selection of those who are to take part in any given task as far as these groups are concerned. Those who have a clean criminal record are first considered for the task, this is because they attract little attention from the authorities therefore carrying out their mission successfully. (Reuter, C 2004) This is a policy that has been employed by the Hamas and the Hezbollah groups of the Middle East. (Noval, M 1999) Most of the organization rely on volunteers to carryout their missions, when the current Iranian president Mohmoud Ahamedinejad came into power he appealed to the youth from the Muslim countries to come forward and help in fighting Israel and United States. Most other terror groups appeal to their members to volunteer and get trained as suicide bombers . In the Palestine there are many youth who are willing to volunteer, these people may be driven by the promises made or purely to fulfill their religious obligation as spelt out in the recruiting organizations. Most of the suicide bombers are selected at an early age, educated and then set off to carry out their duty when they are just about in their twenties or in their late teenage years. Those who a re recruited are normally encouraged to cut themselves from the outside world as they are subjected to the intense training and recitations of the holy book to prepare them for the task ahead. Governments also sponsor some of the groups involved in the suicide bombings where those who participate are given monetary rewards. Iranian president is on the record urging his countrymen to come out and be trained for a fight with the western powers. Those who volunteered were promised compensation for the families and great honor once they have successively carried out the mission given. There have been considerable involvement of the Iranian government in the training of the terror outfits; a training center was opened when Ahamednijad came into power. This center which came to be known as the Lovers of Martyrdom Garrison has been involved in recruiting and training of suicide bombers who according to the Iranian president are to help in fighting the western powers who have occupied the Muslim territory. The volunteers’ suicide bombers have been equated to nuclear bombs owned by the United States and Israel and they are meant to cause wanton destruction against the enemy. Conclusion Suicide bombers are just as ordinary people, but there are forces within them which make them carry out their missions. These forces range from desparation, nationalistic ideals or religion. Debate on what makes a suicide bomber tick will continue for a long time as different people will see different motives for a given group of attackers. As far as those factors which breed terror remain with us suicide bombing will continue to be with us for a long time, attracting much attention from different scholars whose aim is to understand the factors behind these daring acts. References Radu, M (2004) Radical Islam and Suicide Bomber, Retrieved from http://www.fpri.org/